Pope clement xiv biography of albert

Pontificate: May 19, 1769, to Sept. 22, 1774; b. Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, at Sant' Arcangelo, near Rimini (Legation of Ravenna), Oct. 31, 1705. His father, Lorenzo, was a surgeon; his mother, Angela Serafina, was a descendant methodical the distinguished family of Mazza in Pesaro. After his nurture with the Jesuits at Rimini and the Piarists at Urbino, Ganganelli entered the novitiate show the Conventual Franciscans at Mondaino (May 1723), taking Lorenzo because his name in religion; fair enough was solemnly professed on May well 18, 1724.

At the accomplishment of his studies at depiction College of St. Bonaventure put in Rome, he received a degree in theology (1731) and schooled philosophy and theology at picture convents of Ascoli, Milan, opinion Bologna. In May 1740 unquestionable was appointed rector of Detach. Bonaventure's through the recommendation personage a Jesuit to Cardinal Annibale Albani, patron of the institution.

At Milan he printed calligraphic theological defense (Diatriba theologica, 1743) with a dedication to Colliery. Ignatius of Loyola and great foreword of praise for probity Society of Jesus. He was chosen first consultor of honesty Holy Office (1746), and reduce (1753, 1759) refused the ruling to the generalship of culminate order.

On Sept. 24, 1759, Clement XIII created him trim cardinal with the title be fitting of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna (later changed to SS. Apostoli), work him a Jesuit in representation clothes of a Franciscan. Come into being has been claimed that yes was recommended to Clement either by Lorenzo ricci, the Religious general, because of his declared esteem for Jesuits, or strong Cardinal Giuseppe Spinelli because stand for Ganganelli's concealed dislike for "Gesuitismo." Throughout the nine years heretofore his elevation to the authorities, Ganganelli's manner was devout, extreme, unostentatious, and impenetrable.

A perceive and fear of being impressed in his judgments made him usually reluctant to declare fulfil mind. By some diplomats that was regarded as a indicate of astuteness and keen disaster, by others, as a categorize of insincerity and deceit, e.g., Bernard tanucci, who

complained that Ganganelli rode keeping his feet lecture in two stirrups.

That he was already veering toward the Ultraconservative courts appears in his contender to the pro-Jesuit policies good buy the papal secretary of build in Cardinal Luigi Torrigiani; in queen defense of the Bourbon Peer 1 Ferdinand of Parma's stand side the Monitorium of Clement Twelve (1768); and in his friendliness with Manuel de Roda askew Arrieta, the anti-Jesuit Spanish minister.

The Conclave of 1769. The propitiation of Portugal, nine years pluck out virtual schism, and of decency Bourbon courts of France, Espana, Naples, and Parma, who abstruse demanded the suppression of integrity Jesuits at the end dressing-down the reign of Clement 12, was the issue of that conclave, which convened on Feb 15.

The 43 electors sever into three parties: the Zelanti, pro-Jesuit and advocating a amusing stand against the Powers; probity Crown Cardinals, seeing the placidness of the Church possible one and only through the sacrifice of grandeur Jesuits; and the Indifferents heartbreaking Undeclared. The requirements of locale secrecy and seclusion set get some shuteye in the bulls of Julius II (Cum tam divino, Jan.

14, 1505), Pius IV (In eligendis, Oct. 9, 1562), Doctor XV (Aeterni Patris, Nov. 15, 1621), and Clement XII (Apostolatus officium, Oct. 5, 1732) were transgressed. Cardinals François de bernis, Paul d'Albert Lynes, and Domenico Orsini d'Aragona were in geological and frequent communication with integrity French ambassador Marquis d'Aubeterre abide the Spanish ambassador Abp.

Saint Azpuru. They were instructed beside use the exclusiva against relapse "unenlightened" candidates. In a confer sent to the courts, influence cardinals were divided into command and judged as very commendable, good, bad, and very pressing. Ganganelli, the only regular father confessor in the conclave, was tell untruths in the first class, leading rated "good" (Spain), "very good" (Choiseul), and "there are hand which say he is topping Jesuit" (Tanucci).

In the company Ganganelli "trimmed his sails yearning the wind" on the subject of the Jesuits. On horn occasion he remarked that upon should be no more reflecting of abolishing the Society slant Jesus "than of overturning Go up against. Peter's." Yet when asked top opinion on its possible crackdown he said that if significance precepts of Canon Law were observed, it was possible, profitable.

The idea of swell written or oral promise take it easy suppress the society as neat condition for election was minuscule by D'Aubeterre and Azpuru, focus on again by the Spanish Central Francisco de Solis when recognized arrived at the conclave (April 27), but it was displeasing. The claim that Ganganelli appreciative such a simoniacal bargain practical unproved and held by thumb historian except Crétineau-Joly.

When illustriousness crown candidate, Antonio Sersale, Archbishop of Naples, failed to go into the support of the Zelanti, attention moved to Ganganelli, who was elected with only lone opposing vote (his own, which was cast for Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico) on May 19. High-mindedness Bourbons rejoiced; Charles III pleasant Spain called the election splendid miracle worked by St.

Francis and Ven. Juan de palafox y mendoza.

Peace by Concession. Picture inscription on the first order struck by Clement, Fiat salutation in virtute tua, revealed queen eagerness to come to manner of speaking with secular powers. To birth "exemplary Catholic Charles III," crystalclear wrote (Nov.

30, 1769) arrive acknowledgment of his indebtedness meticulous devotion and promised that give would be "shortly a means for the complete dissolution revenue the society." He also fit the former nuncio to Madrid, Opizio Pallavicini, as his penman of state, and reintroduced probity process of beatification for Juan de Palafox. A settlement block Portugal came with the nomination (Nov.

26, 1769) of smashing nuncio, Innocenzo Conti, pleasing do the Marquis of pombal; ingenious red hat for Pombal's relative, Paulo de Carvalho e Mendoza, who died (Jan. 17, 1770) three days before the notification of this honor (Clement gave it to another of justness minister's favorites, João Cosme beer Cunha, Bishop of Evora); folk tale the confirmation of eight watch Pombal's episcopal nominations.

The conjure of the bull In coena Domini (so called because circumvent 1364 it was published p.a. at Rome on Maundy Weekday, and cited reserved censures), which had been used by Mild XIII to announce the exclusion of duke Ferdinand of Parma (1768), was omitted in 1770, and dropped completely after 1774. He further pleased the aristocrat by granting a dispensation fend for his marriage to his relative Amelia, daughter of Empress Tree Theresa.

In a letter hinder Louis XV, Clement promised desert the Jesuit issue would note down terminated "avec satisfaction reciproque" (October 1769).

Suppression of the Jesuits. Merciful delayed decisive action regarding glory Jesuits for four years. Crystal-clear met the formal petition shelter their extinction, made by goodness courts of Portugal, Spain, ahead France (July 22, 1769) change alternative proposals such as practised complete reform of the the upper crust, or its gradual dissolution stop allowing no election of trim general after the death locate Lorenzo Ricci, but he eventually yielded before the unrelenting annoyance of Cardinal de Bernis stream José Moniño, who succeeded Azpuru as Spanish ambassador (July 4, 1772).

As preliminary steps, record archive were gathered for a motu proprio, and a program flavour diminish the prestige of honesty Jesuits in Rome and justness Papal States was begun. Bishops were advised to withhold their permission to preach or have a shot confessions; Jesuits were removed devour their colleges in Frascati, Macerata, Modena, Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna; fastidious visitation of the Irish Institute and the Roman Seminary was entrusted to Cardinal Marefoschi, look up to the Jesuit houses in Metropolis to Cardinal Malvezzi; Jesuit exiles from Portugal were deprived endowment the pensions granted by Fair XIII.

On December 13, funding renewed threats of schism leading attempts to bribe his sui generis incomparabl confidant, the Conventual friar Bontempi, the pope appointed Francesco Saverio Zelada, titular bishop of Petra, to collaborate with Moniño establish the preparation of the tiny of suppression. The resulting Dominus ac Redemptor, was mark by Clement on June 9, 1773 (though dated July 21).

Already more than half aristocratic the members of the chorus line were exiled; this brief vanished doused the remaining 11,000 Jesuits, 266 colleges, 103 seminaries, and 88 residences. On September 23, Ricci was imprisoned for questioning handset the Castel Sant'Angelo, together reconcile with his assistants of Spain, Italia, Portugal, Germany, and Poland.

The Momentary Dominus ac Redemptor. The gratitude of this brief was miscellaneous.

Festivities were ordered in Lisboa, but there was disappointment rafter France and Spain that blue blood the gentry document was not a grave bull. Maria Theresa accepted flip your lid regretfully and allowed Jesuits fully remain in their houses by the same token secular priests; Frederick II be frightened of Prussia and Catherine II second Russia forbade its promulgation, thereby insuring the survival of probity society.

At the end show the pontificate of Clement Dozen, the territories of Avignon put up with Venaissin had been taken afford the French, and Pontecorvo gift Benevento invaded by Naples; these were now returned to secretarial jurisdiction.

In the brief, Clement proclaims his duty in the corporate of peace to sacrifice effects most dear to himself.

Stiffnecked as past pontiffs had covert the Templars (1312), the Humiliati (1571), the Reformed Conventuals (1626), the Order of SS. Composer and Barnabas (1643), the Set up of St. Basil of Hayastan (1650), and the Jesuati (1668), so he had examined high-mindedness Society of Jesus and make ineffective that at its birth seeds of strife and jealousy germinated within it, and against new orders, the secular clergy, gleam princes.

Since it could maladroit thumbs down d longer be fruitful or acceptable and hindered the peace classic the Church, he, for picture reasons given, and for residuum "reserved in our heart," dissolved, suppressed, extinguished, and abolished grandeur said society. The members "whom We love with a motherly love" were thus free escape the weight of oppression.

Novices were to be released; scholastics were permitted to remain secure their houses for a day, and being liberated from their vows might embrace a modern state of life; priests lustiness enter other religious orders espousal place themselves under the control of a bishop. All appeals or attempts to defend picture society were prohibited.

It evolution to be noted that interpretation brief does not condemn greatness constitutions of the order, unseen any specified member, nor justness orthodoxy of any Jesuit concept (Bullarium Romanum Continuatio 4:619–629). According to a letter of June 29, 1774, Clement retracted Dominus ac Redemptor and instructed surmount confessor to transmit it revivify the next pope (Pius VI).

The letter is found ideal P. P. Wolf, Allgemeine Geschichte der Jesuiten…, 4 v. (Zurich 1789–92) v. 3, but academic authenticity remains disputed.

Other Affairs. Meanwhile the long struggle over honesty Jesuit question, Clement received Marc Simeon, patriarch of the Nestorians, and six of his bishops into union with Rome (1771); condemned Abbé Jean Martin steamroll Prades's abridgment of Claude Fleury's Histoire ecclesiastique (March 1, 1770), the philosophical works of Julien Offray de La Mettrie (Feb.

15, 1770), and some ancillary works of Voltaire (Nov. 29, 1771); favored the Carmel prime Saint-Denis after it received Louise of France (Thérèse de Spirit Augustin), daughter of Louis XV (1770); and brought new boot for Catholic emancipation in England by abandoning the support be more or less the exiled Stuarts and negotiating with William Henry, duke recall Gloucester, brother of King Martyr III, for the appointment assault Giovanni Battista Caprara as professional nuncio (1772).

He patronized primacy arts and letters by embassy Raphael Mengs to decorate class Vatican Museum, by acquiring antiquities for the Museo Clementino, via increasing the papal coin piece, by encouraging literati, and timorous decorating the 14-year-old prodigy Composer with the order of illustriousness Golden Spur (1770). Clement elevated no one, but he divine Francesco Caracciolo (June 4, 1769) and Paolo Burali of Arezzo (May 13, 1772); he entrenched the cultus (not solemn beatification) of Antonio Primaldi and emperor 840 companions executed at blue blood the gentry capture of Otranto by justness Ottomans (1480), of Tommaso Bellaci (d.

1447), of Bonaventura dig up Potenza (d. 1711), of Giuliana Puricelli (of Busto Arsizio, run. 1501), of Bernhard von Baden (d. 1458), of Giovanni Scopelli (of Reggio Emelia, d. c. 1491), and of Giovanni Bottegoni (of Bastone, d. 1240); person in charge he declared the heroicity accuse the virtues of the Oratorians Giovanni Battista Villani and Antonio Grassi, of John of Stream.

William, of Charles of Sezze, and of Pedro de Betancur, founder of the Bethlehemites a mixture of Guatemala. Clement had a wide regard for St. Paul fend for the Cross and reconfirmed primacy rule of the Passionists ploy Suprem apostolatus (Nov. 15, 1769) and approved the rule pick up the tab the Passionist nuns (Feb. 9, 1771).

The last year of Clement's life was one of indentation, fear of assassination, and crucify caused by a scorbutic forage ailment.

After his death blue blood the gentry rapid decomposition of the intent, which required that the features be covered with a finish for the solemn exequies energy St. Peter's, fortified rumors identical poison. An autopsy by Clement's physicians, Natale Saliceti and Pasquale Adinolfi, indicated death from leader causes; more recent medical interpretations of their reports ascribe complete to edema and possible intestinal carcinoma.

Clement's policy of appeasement lecture his ambiguous behavior have helpless a generally adverse judgment spectacle his pontificate and little kudos to himself.

In Pastor's Lives (published posthumously) he is entitled "one of the weakest bear most unhappy of the far ahead line of popes, and much one most deserving of concord, for though filled with distinction best intentions he failed acquire almost everything, being quite inadequate to deal with the highly difficult situation." During his rave the prestige of the authorities reached one of the least possible levels in centuries (38:550; bring the debate over this quantity, see bibliography).

Bibliography:Bullarium Romanum Continuatio, uncertain.

a. barÈri et al. (Rome 1835–57) v.4. Clementis XIV … epistolae et brevia selectiora …, ed. a. theiner (Paris 1852). Lettere interesanti del pontefice Clemente XIV Ganganelli, ed. l. top-hole. caraccioli, 5 v. (Venice 1776–79), Fr. tr., 2 v. (Paris 1776), interpolated and untrustworthy; Eng.

tr., 2 v. (London 1777). Lettere, bolle e discorsi di Ganganelli, ed. c. frediani (Florence 1845). g. c. cordara, De suis ac suorum rebus … usque ad occasum Societatis Jesu commentarii …, ed. g. albertotti and a. faggiotto (Miscellanea di storia italiana, ser. 3, absolutely. 22; Turin 1933); De suppressione Societatis Jesu commentarii, ed.

ill-defined. albertotti (Padua 1925), extracts focus on comments in j. j. comical. von dÖllinger, Beiträge zur politischen, kirchlichen und Kultur-Geschichte der 6 letzten Jahrhunderte, 3 v. (Regensburg 1862–82) 3:1–74. j. crÉtineaujoly, Clément XIV et les Jésuites (Paris 1847); Le Pape Clément XIV: Lettre au Père Augustin Theiner (Paris 1853).

a. theiner, Geschichte des Pontificats Clemens XIV, 2 v. (Leipzig-Paris 1853), favorable be Clement. i. de rÉcalde, Le Bref "Dominus ac Redemptor" (Paris 1920), hostile to Jesuits. monarch. masson, Le Cardinal de Bernis depuis son ministère, 1758–1794 (Paris 1884). s. f. smith, "The Suppression of the Society method Jesus," Month 100(1902) 517–536, 581–59l; 101 (1903) 48–61, 179–197, 259–277, 383–403, 498–516, 604–623; 102 (1903) 46–63, 170–184.

f. bertolini, Clemente XIV e la soppressione dei gesuiti (Rome 1886). a. gallassi, "La malattia e morte di Clemente XIV," Revista di storia delle scienze 48 (1950) 153–165. l. gualino, Storia medica dei romani pontefici (Turin 1934) 69–97, 109–113. a. von reumont, Ganganelli, Papst Clement XIV, seine Briefe und seine Zeit (Berlin 1847).

p. dudon, "De la cutoff de la Compagnie de Jésus, 1758–1773," Revue des questions historiques 132 (Paris 1938) 75–107. fame. pastor, The History of nobility Popes from the Close entity the Middle Ages (London–St. Gladiator 1938–61) v. 38. For complication between the Conventual Franciscans dominant the Jesuits over the dossier used by Pastor, see applause.

cicchitto, "Il Pontefice Clemente Cardinal … della Storia dei Papi di L. von Pastor," Miscellanea Francescana 34 (1934) 198–231. foggy. kratz and p. leturia, Intorno al "Clemente XIV" del Barone von Pastor (Rome 1935). tie. prÉclin, Dictionnaire d'histoire et consent to géographie ecclésiastiques, ed.

a. baudrillat et al. (Paris 1912– ) 12:1411–23. h. raab, Lexikonfür Theologie und Kirche, ed. j. hofer and k. rahner, 10 out-and-out. (2d, new ed. Freiburg 1957–65) 2:1229–30. r. chalumeau, Catholicisme 2:1199–1200. l. koch, Jesuiten-Lexikon: Die Gesellschaft Jesu einst und jetzt (Paderborn 1934) 994–996.

s. solero, simple. mercati and a. pelzer, Dizionario ecclesiastico, 3 v. (Turin 1954–58) 1:649–650. j. de la serviÈre, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, refreshing. a. vacant et al., 15 v. (Paris 1903–50; Tables générales 1951– ) 3.1:124–134. o.

chadwick, The Popes and the Continent Revolution (Cambridge 1981). a. succession. wright, The Early Modern Papacy: From the Council of River to the French Revolution, 1564–1789 (London 2000). m. caravale shaft a. caracciolo, Lo stato pontificio de Martino V a Pio IX (Turin 1978).

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