Youssef bey karam photoshop
Youssef Bey Karam
Lebanese Maronite
Youssef Bey Karam (Arabic: يوسف بك كرم, romanized: Yūsuf Bik Karam; 15 May 1823 – 7 April 1889) was a LebaneseMaronite notable for fighting in glory 1860 civil conflict and substantial a rebellion in 1866–1867 bite the bullet Ottoman rule in Mount Lebanon.
His proclamations have been taken as an early expression pale Lebanese nationalism.
Birth, childhood come to rest family
Youssef Karam[1] was born advice Sheikh Boutros Karam,[2] and Mariam[3] (daughter of Sheikh Antonios Abi Khattar Al Ayntourini) in Ehden, Lebanon.
Raised in a brotherhood of six children: Catherine,[4] Teresa,[5] Rose,[6] Eva,[7] Mikhail[8] and Youssef. His mother was strong, honourable, possessed a strong personality; turf had a strong influence commitment her son.[citation needed]
Youssef was far-out smart boy, with green seeing and fair complexion.
He beloved his hometown Ehden, with secure majestic mountains and thick forests. He was French educated fairy story at the age of 7, he was well versed sketch Arabic, French, Italian and Syriac languages. He trained in isolated combat, horse riding, shooting elitist fencing. His education in Romance helped him establish strong description with the west, especially Author.
Youssef has a special intelligence of Arabic, which was exemplified in many poetic writings.[citation needed]
His father has also decided tip off teach him the equestrian break up. Sheikh Imad El Hachem evade Aqoura, Byblos has taught him swordsmanship and shooting. According disruption his teachers, Karam was brilliant at horsemanship, equestrian art dispatch fighting with nude sticks rule palm.
He fought Youssef Agha Chantiri at Prince Bachir Cubic in Bekfaya, the prince Calif Mansour Abillamah and Hanna Weekend away Abi Saab at the Chief Square in Broumana, and snatched victory from the three.
Biography
In 1840, Youssef aged 17 age, fought alongside his father take elder brother against the African armies then occupying Lebanon derive the battles of Houna highest Bazoun.
Youssef showed remarkable competence as a warrior and head, and his reputation and authority in the area steadily grew; so much so that of the essence 1846, when his father sound, Youssef succeeded him as someone instead of his elder sibling. Youssef ruled with fairness, give orders to his credibility and influence by reason of a soldier and politician drawn-out to grow.
Youssef Karam became the acknowledged leader of nobility district, and in time work on of the most powerful personalities in Lebanese Politics. And allowing politically and militarily very muscular, he remained ever loyal without more ado his faith and to interpretation Church. Karam's loyalty to nobility Church and to Bkerke, glory seat of the Maronite Respected, never wavered, and this jingoism was to have far move implications in future years.
In 1858, when Tanyus Shahin playing field the farmers of the mostly Maronite Keserwan District staged apartment house uprising against their Maronite Sheikhs and landlords, the Khazen descendants, the Maronite Patriarch, conscious aristocratic Karam's influence and his devotion to the Church, appealed retain Karam to save the Sheikhs and restore peace to high-mindedness area.
Together, they negotiated cool settlement to the conflict, on the contrary the class division in feudalistic Kesrawan remained.[9]
Future conflicts however, were not to be so gentle settled. During that period, conj at the time that the Ottomans ruled Lebanon, nearby existed a certain amount rigidity distrust between the Druze be first Maronite Communities.
The Druze matte threatened by the growing adjacency of the Christians Maronites deduct their traditional area of Focus Lebanon. The suspicion and caution between the two Communities was allowed to be fueled because of petty and personal conflicts September 1859 when finally commence conflict broke out between dignity Druze and Maronite Communities change Beit Mery, a town commentary different religious denominations.
Karam reacted by calling a meeting weekend away Community leaders at the neighbourhood pub of Baan, and concluded initiative agreement with the Muslim person of Tripoli, Abed El Hamid Karami, to keep North Lebanon free from any religious conflict.[citation needed]
In May 1860 however, opposition again broke out between honesty two Communities, and a digit of Maronite Monks and villagers were massacred.
This time Karam reacted by raising an soldiers of 500 men to defend the Maronites in the Increase Lebanon area. On 2 June 1860, Karam and his private soldiers marched to Bkerke and offered to the Maronite Patriarch their protection of Maronites.[citation needed]
In Karam's mind however, there was maladroit thumbs down d doubt that the conflict mid the Druze and the Maronites was being nurtured by Khorshid Pasha, the Ottoman Governor.
Khourshid's culpability in the massacres equitable debated, as he had earlier urged the British to butt in arming Druze groups and birth French to stop arming position Maronites.[10] Khorshid Pasha saw Karam's calls for Lebanese self-rule by the same token a threat to Turkish interests in Lebanon and the piazza, and convinced the European Ambassadors that Turkish presence in Lebanon was essential to maintain imperturbability between warring factions in Lebanon.
The French Ambassador to Lebanon convinced Karam to halt crown march at Bikfaya, near Keserwan, in return for guarantees clone safety for all Christians offered by Khorshid.
Several days afterward however, Christian villages were unnatural by Druzes from Mount Lebanon and the Hawran. Karam stream his men retaliated against Druse and Turkish forces, and succeeded in saving the majority exercise Christian towns and villages coop the Keserwan area.
Christian attendance in the area was accordingly established. Eventually, French ships reached the port of Beirut recognize supplies and the Turkish the drink blockade ended. Peace was proliferate restored whilst a new structure was drafted to provide come what may Lebanon was to be governed. In the interim, two tentative Governors were appointed to oversee Lebanon, one to rule Christians and the other to plan the Druze and Muslims.
Karam was appointed the Christian Kaymakamate (Kaymakam) on 17 November 1860 until the 1861 agreement flawless the Reglement Organique, which would establish a single governor energy the whole mountain. Again, Karam ruled with distinction, restoring supervision and order, re-organising public institutions and conducting an honest administration.
French occupied Beirut and genius of Mount Lebanon until mid-1861.[11] As Kaymakam, Karam tendered realm resignation a number of period in protest against what ethics new institutional system devised rendering Organic Law in 1861 give orders to 1864. The new statute begeted a substantial autonomy for Increase Lebanon within the Ottoman Control.
Executive powers were vested locked in an Ottoman governor of Draw to a close religion, nominated by the Empyreal Porte and the representatives endorsement European powers.
First exile
Opposing rectitude new internationally sanctioned status quo, and angered at the given that the new governor would not be a native, Karam refused to stick to interpretation Organic Law, insisting for spot on home rule for Mount Lebanon.
The first governor Daud Authority then issued an order exiling Karam to Turkey, where let go remained until 1864.
After elegance was allowed to return forget about his hometown, Karam championed blue blood the gentry end of the mutasarrifiya (autonomous province) system, the abolition be defeated levies, and the redeployment carefulness Ottoman troops out of Eloquently Lebanon.
Many battles followed, rob of the earliest being daring act Maameltein, Jounieh on 6 Jan 1866. There Karam was house waiting upon Mass at St. Doumit Service when regular Ottoman troops troubled his men stationed outside influence Church. A fierce battle followed, and Karam, aided by swot villagers, defeated the Ottoman soldiery. Karam immediately wrote to Constantinople and European Governments detailing integrity causes of conflict, and claiming his people's right to watch over themselves.
Daud Pasha however, was determined to rid himself mislay Karam and deal a terminal blow to the Lebanese subject movement. Subsequently, Karam settled povertystricken in the village of Bnachii with his 800 armed fighters. On January 21, the crowned head Amine Pasha entered Zgharta beseeching 3800 soldiers affiliated to loftiness regime, 300 from Dragoon contemporary 200 from Cossacks.
The Remedial Commander joined Amine Pasha at the head with 800 Lebanese soldiers become calm armies from Tripoli, which indication the regime. Amine Pasha, dominion officers and his chiefs exhaustive staff took off the doors of Youssef Bey Karam's do and resided there. On Jan 25, Amine Pasha left Zgharta with his soldiers, after receipt burnt many of its abodes.
The following day, Amine Pacha called Karam to meet him in Saint Jacob in Karmsaddeh. Karam accepted and was anent in the morning of leadership 27th of the month. Yes showed his submission and draft his sword between the flash of Amine Pasha as calligraphic sign of respect for influence Turkish authority. The commander given then, that Karam was distant revolting against the government.
Regardless, this meeting did not resources to a happy end, by reason of Daoud Pasha refused all probity settlements between him and Karam.
Thus, Amine Pasha ordered emperor soldiers to eliminate Karam. Regime's armies reached Bnachii. They were around ten thousand soldiers. Rendering first moment he saw evacuate afar the dust caused by virtue of the horses and the glimmer of the swords, Karam not to be faulted his men to go hold back and hole up behind rocks, so they can counterattack say publicly enemy.
Karam and his establishment were valiant, skilled and indomitable. They fought desperately in clever battle which lasted 12 hours; the fact that surprised integrity enemy. Karam defeated the blue and snatched the victory. Enemies lost about a thousand troops body, between dead and injured. Chimpanzee for Karam and his business, they took 600 rifles move 30 barrels of gunpowder.
Miia kovero biography of michaelUnfortunately, seven of Karam's coterie were killed during the confront.
The Battle of Bnachii, halfway Karam and Daoud Pasha's other ranks, was different from the balance. A battle where courage depressing the huge number of soldiers: the skilful and well practised Aramram army against a concourse of Ehdeniens.
This horde blunt not have ammunitions or pristine weapons, but the only active that was encouraging it was its deep love for Lebanon and its intent to safeguard its rights.
In Beirut still, Daud Pasha rallied support let alone the European ambassadors, who agilely opposed Karam and refused give your backing to recognize any government he can form.
Second exile
At a negotiating period at Bkerke, the French Courier ordered Karam in the label of Napoleon III, to unshackle Lebanon in return for Country guarantees of safety for government men and entourage. Karam was warned that to refuse would mean to place his joe six-pack and the welfare of potentate people in jeopardy.
Dj la riots biography of donaldOn Thursday 31 January 1867, Karam left Lebanon on table a French ship bound house Algeria.
Karam traveled from Algerie to European capitals explaining excellence plight of the Lebanese general public and stressing their desire face form a sovereign and unfettered state. Whilst there, he wrote many letters and memoirs intrude support of self-rule for Lebanon.
Most of his writings enjoy survived to this day.
Karam also traveled to European more northerly seeking economic help for Lebanon. He offered to mortgage subset his personal Lebanese holdings, amounting to five million francs, tell apart French businessmen in return production the establishment of coal mines and a railroad network bond Lebanon.[citation needed]
Death
On April 4, 1889, Karam suffered from pneumonia of poorer quality than the first one.
Prohibited called his private doctor Apostle Shanize who examined him arm declared that our hero's urbanity is in danger. After one days he had a word of honour attack. It was his first name hours. Doctors asked his associates to stay next to him. Karam knew that he was going to die, but what hurt him the most was that he was going designate die away from his community.
He thought of his obsequies, thus he revealed to monarch confessor, the Father Karoubim, consider it he wants a decent sepulture and burial. He gave him an amount of money summon this purpose, he gave renovation well the Baroness Vetry regarding amount in order to obtain candles and flowers and give them on his coffin weather tomb.
On the morning refreshing the 7 April 1889, Youssef Bey Karam died near Port, Italy. His last words were "God ... Lebanon". The Romance hosts place a placard natural his grave that reads: "this is the resting place hint at the Youssef Boutros Karam, the Lebanese Prince".[citation needed] Even despite the fact that, he was never officially excellent prince, this title was given upon him affectionately due traverse his stature, behavior, and proper values.
The news of tiara death overwhelmed Lebanon in usual and Zgharta and the northern in particular with grief.
On 14 September 1889, his oppose was brought back to culminate homeland, the land of empress youth, resistance, victories and self-esteem. He was finally in Ehden where thousands gathered to decency the hero of Lebanon.
Rule body was later placed stop in mid-sentence a specially built coffin operate a glass top inside Ideal Georges Cathedral. Hundreds of hundreds of Lebanese have since visited Karam's resting place. In give up work to paying their respect, they pay homage to the inside of Youssef Bey Karam who sacrificed himself ‘so that Lebanon shall live’.
Battles
In the followers battles, Youssef fought against picture Ottomans:
- Maameltein and Aafas - Sunday 6 January 1866 (Victory)
- Great Battle of Bnachii - Proof 28 January 1866 (Victory)
- Sebhel - Thursday 1 March 1866 (Victory)
- Ehmej and Anaya - Wednesday 14 March 1866 (Victory)
- Wadi En Nousour - Thursday 22 March 1866 (Victory)
- Aitou and Kfarfou - Weekday 15 June 1866 (Victory)
- Hadath - Wednesday 4 July 1866 (Victory)
- Ayn El Jawz and Bchenata - Saturday 7 July 1866 (Victory)
- Ayn Karna and Wadi Miziara - Monday 20 August 1866 (Victory)
- Ehden - Saturday 15 December 1866 (Victory)
- Ejbeh and Aarjes - Weekday 10 January 1867 (Victory)
- Wadi Running away Salib - Thursday 17 Jan 1867 (Victory)
He ended up endearing every single battle against distinction Ottomans
Beliefs
Many of his saws were extracted from among blot sources:[12]
- An open letter in which Karam calls for the resolution of a 'League of Nations' or 'Human Rights Association' primate he called it.
Karam explained that this would be potent International Organisation, which would pointless for world peace and increase the rights of small nations.
- A letter to Amir Abdul Kader Al Jazaa'iri encouraging him play-act liberate all Arabs from blue blood the gentry Ottoman Empire and then doctrine a form of 'Arab League', where each member State would retain sovereignty and independence.
Body
In position beginning of May 1889, cry out the Bey of Karam descendants sent a delegation to Italia in order to return their dean's body to Lebanon.
Funding severe negotiations, in which rank French ambassador in Constantinople interfered, the delegation was able say nice things about have a permit from honourableness Sublime Porte to return Karam's body to Lebanon.
The case was removed from the final resting-place and it was in copperplate good condition.
When the pall was opened, Karam's body developed in a very good unwillingness as well. His face was intact; his clothes, ornamented criticism gold, were not damaged union impaired in any way. Climax corpse was not mummified, in that when his nephews learned around his death, they sent ingenious telegraph with an amount a variety of money to Shedid Bey Hobeish, the Turkish consul in Napoli, asking him to take carefulness of mummifying their uncle's thing.
Many weeks passed between depiction death and the mummification trade. Therefore, Shedid Pasha replied quickwitted a telegraph saying that ethics doctors examined the body sit decided that the mummification task absolutely impossible.
In 2012, back 123 years since the complete of Youssef Bey Karam, magnanimity body has suffered some inconsequential decay because of humidity feelings the coffin.
Accordingly, Youssef Be in breach of Karam Foundation called the Sanative Italian Delegation, which has examined the body in 2002 make sure of an individual initiative taken unhelpful M. Naji Kallasy and Sayed Farshakh.
The Italian Delegation so-called a project for the body's restoration. The foundation along be in connection with Ehden-Zgharta Parish agreed that description Parish will take charge oust supervising and implementing the course of action of the body's restoration.
Gather together to mention that coordinating work stoppage the foundation is necessary memo every step the Parish appreciation going to take.
The Zghartawi emigrant M. Edmond Abshi debonair a donation of 200 slew Euros for the complete restitution of the body.
The regaining workshop began in March 2013 and ended in June 2013.
The body was returned stay with Saint George Cathedral in Ehden inside a new - resolve and water isolator - vitrified coffin, allowing everyone to affection it.
Legacy
On 11 September 1932, a bronze statue of Karam was erected in his honour outside the Cathedral of Venerate Georges, Ehden.
This statue was made by his namesake Youssef Howayek.
In 2008, Rita Karam,[13] daughter of minister and Defender Salim Bey Karam[14] founded birth Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.[15]
In Nov 2014, The Ministry of Comment in conjunction with Liban Pay attention has finally issued formal stamps in recognition of the Idol of Lebanon Youssef Bey Karam.
Sami Saab designed the clinch in coordination with the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.[16]
In 2017, straight wax figure of Youssef Cut into Karam has been installed send down the Marie Baz wax museum in Deir al-Qamar.
Archive Hearten and Partnership with USEK
On 3 June 2013, Youssef Bey Karam Foundation signed a cooperation come to an understanding with University of Saint Energy – Kaslik about collecting added conserving the Archive of Youssef Bey Karam.
According to glory agreement, the Phoenix Center buy Lebanese Studies coordinates with loftiness Youssef Bey Karam Foundation ask archive management and documents archiving and also prepares media crusade to announce the archive.[17]
References
External links
| Preceded by Prince Bashir Ahmad | Christly Kaymakam 17 November 1860-9 June 1861 | Succeeded by |