Pres magsaysay biography of martin luther

President of the Philippines free yourself of 1953 up to his pull off in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. School other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the halfway name or maternal family label is del Fierro and the first name or paternal family name critique Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay
In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice President	Carlos P. Garcia
Preceded by	Elpidio Quirino
Succeeded by	Carlos P. Garcia
In office January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
President	Himself
Preceded by	Oscar Castelo
Succeeded by	Sotero B. Cabahug
In office September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953
President	Elpidio Quirino
Preceded by	Ruperto Kangleon
Succeeded by	Oscar Castelo
In office May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950
Preceded by	Valentin Afable
Succeeded by	Enrique Corpus
In office February 1, 1945 – March 6, 1945
Appointed by	Douglas MacArthur
Preceded by	Jose Corpuz
Succeeded by	Francisco Anonas
Born	Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay (1907-08-31)August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
Died	March 17, 1957(1957-03-17) (aged 49) Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of death	Airplane crash
Resting place	Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political party	Nacionalista (1953–1957)
Other political affiliations	Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2]
Spouse	Luz Banzon ​ (m. 1933)​
Children
Alma mater	University of rank Philippines José Rizal University (BComm)
Profession	Soldier, moving mechanic
Signature
Allegiance	Philippines
Branch/service	Philippine Commonwealth Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Captain
Unit	31st Foot Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Go on foot 17, 1957) was a Indigen statesman who served as depiction seventh President of the Archipelago, from December 30, 1953 unconfirmed his death in an bomb disaster on March 17, 1957.

An automobile mechanic by office, Magsaysay was appointed military guide of Zambales after his unattended to service as a guerrilla ruler during the Pacific War. Sharp-tasting then served two terms likewise Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being prescribed Secretary of National Defense spawn President Elpidio Quirino.

He was elected president under the pennant of the Nacionalista Party. Stylishness was the youngest to have reservations about elected as president, and quickly youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was high-mindedness first Philippine president born hutch the 20th century and influence first to be born back end the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early struggle and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Country, and Chinese descent, ^[3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales use up August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, esoteric Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 crumble Manila), a Chinese mestizo instructor, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his grade institution life somewhere in Castillejos ride his high school life resort to Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the Country in 1927,^[6] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering compass.

He first worked as neat as a pin chauffeur to support himself in that he studied engineering; and next, he transferred to the Organization of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[6] ring he received a baccalaureate creepycrawly commerce. He then worked gorilla an automobile mechanic for marvellous bus company^[7] and shop administrator.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World Combat II, he joined the locomote pool of the 31st Foot Division of the Philippine Flock.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest puff up at least four occasions. Nigh he organised the Western Island Guerrilla Forces, and was authorized captain on April 5, 1942.

For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's esteemed guerrilla outfit and saw occur to at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply bogey codenamed Chow and later despite the fact that commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental amuse clearing the Zambales coast carry out the Japanese prior to say publicly landing of American forces gather with the Philippine Commonwealth armed force on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b.

1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's m became prominent public figures household their own right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; rankle Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; prior Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Guardian of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; trouper, politician, and businessman
• Antonio M.

  Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman several Zambales

• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House be frightened of Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his corollary ex-guerrillas, was elected under representation Liberal Party^[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives.

In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Cabinet on Guerrilla Affairs, to compliant to secure passage of justness Rogers Veterans Bill, giving poor to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} Feature the so-called "dirty election" reinforce 1949, he was re-elected tolerate a second term in prestige House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman comprehend the House National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a compose to fight the Communist freedom fighters, using his own experiences notes guerrilla warfare during World Conflict II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was thumb alternative and appointed Magsaysay Reporter of National Defence in Sep 1950.^[8] He intensified the fundraiser against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in power to the unconventional methods unquestionable took up from a supplier advertising expert and CIA carrier, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In loftiness counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods at an earlier time other forms of aid bung outlying, provincial communities. Prior gain Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Scrivener, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and care. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced dignity Army's image, earning them veneration and admiration.^[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour proffer the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, Pedagogue, D.C. (with a medical cross-examination at Walter Reed Hospital) challenging Mexico City, where he radius at the Annual Convention representative Lions International.

By 1953, Chairwoman Quirino thought the threat worry about the Huks was under polity and Secretary Magsaysay was comely too weak. Magsaysay met resume interference and obstruction from righteousness President and his advisers, ancestry fears they might be duration at the next presidential discretion.

Although Magsaysay had at become absent-minded time no intention to original, he was urged from haunt sides and finally was confident that the only way go on parade continue his fight against bolshevism, and for a government go for the people, was to suitably elected president, ousting the untrustworthy administration that, in his be of the same opinion, had caused the rise divest yourself of the communist guerrillas by worthless administration.

He resigned his loud as defense secretary on Feb 28, 1953,^[10] and became ethics presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing the nomination partner Senator Camilo Osías at goodness Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured preschooler men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too backlog.

He was then informed lapse Padilla's body was drenched monitor blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on trim police bench in the quarter plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare not dangerous and delivered it to leadership morgue, and the next offering, news clips showed pictures be more or less him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay smooth used this event during her majesty presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started underneath January 1952; Magsaysay and sovereign men presented enough evidence be convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[12] In Respected 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty lecture Lacson, his 25 men jaunt three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned stay at the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general director of the Manila Railroad Observer between October and December 1951.

His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into office. He also set the extreme steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Depression Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines.

Incumbent Principal Elpidio Quirino lost his break for a second full word as President of the Country to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did shriek run for re-election. This was the first time that young adult elected Philippine President did pule come from the Senate.

Too, Magsaysay began the practice worry the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one prime his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election lifetime was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Demand Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including righteousness Central Intelligence Agency, had irritating influence on the 1953 purpose, and candidates in the choice fiercely competed with each provoke for U.S.

support.^[16][17]

See also: Incline of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected impresario over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into authorize on Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at the Independence Grandstand bed Manila.^[18] He was wearing probity barong tagalog, a first by virtue of a Philippine President and elegant tradition that still continues let pass to this day.

He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". As well dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos Possessor. Garcia.^[19] The oath of sovereignty was administered by Chief Shameful of the Supreme Court company the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For character first time, a Philippine mr big swore on the Bible bin an inauguration.^[20] He swore good manners two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As President, he was dialect trig close friend and supporter run through the United States and systematic vocal spokesman against communism next to the Cold War.

He club the foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, also blurry as the Manila Pact signify 1954, that aimed to conquer communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Aggregation, South Asia and the Southwest Pacific.

During his term, take steps made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening university teacher gates to the public.

Predispose example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard on the rocks new plane belonging to authority Philippine Air Force (PAF): Principal Magsaysay asked what the wink costs per hour were mend that type of aircraft, corroboration wrote a personal check be against the PAF, covering the payment of his flight.

He mod the people's trust in class military and in the authority.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Notify of cabinets of the Archipelago § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

1954	21.40 million
1954	Php 157,054 million
1956	Php 179,739 million
Growth metamorphose, 1954–56	7.2%
1954	Php 7,339
1956	Php 8,073
1954	Php 36,462 million
1956	Php 34,727 million
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us Maker. The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Put out, Inc.

Ushering a new era confine Philippine government, President Magsaysay sited emphasis upon service to magnanimity people by bringing the control closer to the former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on outset day, President Magsaysay ordered grandeur gates of Malacañan Palace adjust opened to the general lever, who were allowed to of one`s own free will visit all parts of say publicly Palace complex.

Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, loosen up created the Presidential Complaints title Action Committee.^[2] This body ahead proceeded to hear grievances don recommend remedial action. Headed unwelcoming soft-spoken, but active and spirited, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, swallow which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct gauge and a little more outweigh 25,000 would be referred soft-soap government agencies for appropriate sequel.

This new entity, composed discount youthful personnel, all loyal consign to the President, proved to promote to a highly successful morale advertiser restoring the people's confidence bland their own government. He equipped Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo divulge 1953 as PCAC Chief safe Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to honourableness president because of his attractiveness to the common people flaxen Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a within walking distance journalist and a writer stranger a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of criticism and an eye of nobleness president in the region king diplomatic skills helped the control, moro and the rebels collection learn the true situation hold every city and municipalities.

Touch his zero corruption mandate grace recognized a turn of conclusion of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico dubbed his fifth child after representation President when he was chosen in 1953, even making high-mindedness President godfather to the schoolboy. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao some times because of this concord, becoming the first President hide visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands loom people who waited for authority arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land trade in the Philippines

To amplify enthralled stabilize the functions of decency Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Mr big Magsaysay worked^[2] for the founding of the National Resettlement current Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).^[2] This oppose took over from the EDCOR and helped in the scratchy some sixty-five thousand acres attend to three thousand indigent families unpolluted settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand upon a little more than tune thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As supplementary aid to the rural people,^[2] the president established the Agrarian Credit and Cooperative Financing Superintendence (ACCFA).

The idea was particular this entity to make place rural credits. Records show cruise it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million dialect poke. This administration body next enthusiastic its attention to cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help although the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness representation artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Writer Association was formed and revel in record time managed to impart a considerable sum for illustriousness construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and righteousness people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, translation well as enhancement of integrity Ambuklao Power plant and attention similar ones, went a progressive way towards bringing to naked truth the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as corner of his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act No.

  1160 handle 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Transferral and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) correspond with resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at the same height rebel returnees providing home dozens and farmlands in Palawan survive Mindanao.

• Republic Act No.

  1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between aristocracy and tenant farmers by materialization share-tenancy and leasehold system. Interpretation law provided the security remind you of tenure of tenants. It besides created the Court of Agricultural Relations.

• Republic Act No.

  1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Control (LTA) which was responsible assistance the acquisition and distribution signal your intention large tenanted rice and repair lands over 200 hectares disperse individuals and 600 hectares need corporations.

• Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Custom Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans rule low interest rates of scandalize to eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr.

was appointed incite President Magsaysay to act by reason of his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the disobey group, Hukbalahap. Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, nobleness former head of Force Research of the 16th PC Touring company, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become connotation of the most mobile well-known forces of the Philippine begin forces against the Huks, strange Colonel Valeriano.

Force X tied up psychological warfare through combat common sense and infiltration that relied bump secrecy in planning, training, final execution of attack. The direction learned from Force X wallet Nenita were combined in interpretation 7th BCT.

With the be at war with out anti-dissidence campaigns against high-mindedness Huks, they numbered less top 2,000 by 1954 and impecunious the protection and support liberation local supporters, active Huk lustiness no longer presented a mammoth threat to Philippine security.

Steer clear of February to mid-September 1954, blue blood the gentry largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted mosquito Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of excellence remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to lucid than 1,000 by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The polity of President Magsaysay was dynamic in the fight against picture expansion of communism in Collection.

He made the Philippines spruce up member of the Southeast Aggregation Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible conquest of North Vietnam over Southern Vietnam, which could spread commie ideology to other countries solution the region.

The possibility prowl a communist state can affect or cause other countries keep from adopt the same system be fond of government is called the songwriter theory.^[26]

The active coordination of righteousness Magsaysay administration with the Altaic government led to the Atonement Agreement. This was an consent between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to compensate $550 million as reparation hire war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of prestige presence of U.S.

Secretary Toilet Foster Dulles in Manila undertake attend the SEATO Conference, magnanimity Philippine government took steps take a trip broach with him the construction of a Joint Defense Consistory. Vice-President and Secretary of Alien Affairs Carlos P. Garcia set aside the opportune conversations with Penman Dulles for this purpose.

Approve was reached thereon and birth first meeting of the Dive United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following depiction end of the Manila Forum. Thus were the terms recall the Mutual Defense Pact amidst the Philippines and the Coalesced States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Pay which was a trade on its own merits between the Philippines and dignity United States which was simple in 1955 and expired change into 1974.

Although it proved poor, the final agreement satisfied in effect all of the diverse Country economic interests. While some have to one`s name seen the Laurel-Langley agreement importance a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Ribbon and other Philippine leaders accredited that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom disturb industrialize while continuing to appropriate privileged access to US markets.^[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Peal Trade Act, which tied ethics economy of the Philippines clobber that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a focus of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation meticulous to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union bring into being the Cold War, or sense of balance other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in City, Indonesia in April 1955, walk out invitation extended by the Ground Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia.

This point is commonly known as excellence Bandung Conference. Although, at foremost, the Magsaysay Government seemed averse to send any delegation. Succeeding, however, upon advise of Agent Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the Land participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head excellence Philippine delegation.^[2] At the untangle outset indications were to nobility effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position affluent the current Cold War betwixt the capitalist bloc and influence communist group.

John Kotelawala, Standardize Minister of Ceylon, however, indigent the ice against neutralism.^[2] Smartness was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated that ruler delegation believed that "a fingerpuppet is a puppet",^[2] no issue whether under a Western Motivating force or an Asian state.^[2]

In ethics course of the conference, Soldier Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO.

Legate Rómulo delivered a stinging, silver-tongued retort that prompted Prime Itinerary Nehru to publicly apologize involving the Philippine delegation.^[2] According function their account, the Philippine authorization ably represented the interests invoke the Philippines and, in picture ultimate analysis, succeeded in motion the Bandung Conference into expert victory against the plans build up its socialist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made unresponsive to Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Asian Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, broadsheet several years of series promote to negotiations were conducted by honesty Philippine government and that hill Japan.

In the face be in possession of adamant claims of the Altaic government that it found illogical to meet the demand paper the payment of eight numeral dollars by the way depart reparations, President Magsaysay, during spruce up so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, dead heat a Philippine Reparations Survey Body, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for diversity "on the spot" study near that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the 1 reported that Japan was sight a position to pay, Delegate Felino Neri, appointed chief arbitrator, went to Tokyo.

On Haw 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Asian Minister Takazaki, the main damage of which consisted in birth following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million press together as reparations. Payment was prompt be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would pull up paid in cash in Filipino currency; thirty million dollars, weight services; five million dollars, persuasively capital goods; and two enumerate and fifty million dollars, crucial long-term industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed justness Japanese government, through Prime Revivalist Ichiro Hatoyama, that the Land accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] Wear view of political developments plentiful Japan, the Japanese Prime Preacher could only inform the Filipino government of the Japanese approval of said agreement on Advance 15, 1956.

The official Redress agreement between the two rule was finally signed at Malacañang Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a in or by comparison satisfactory conclusion this long shabby controversy between the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was effect end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by unblended plane crash.

On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila defend Cebu City where he rundle at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwesterly Colleges, and the University custom San Carlos.^[28] At the Founding of the Visayas, he was conferred an honorary Doctor tension Laws.

That same night, socialize with about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back pare Manila. In the early aurora hours of March 17, primacy plane was reported missing. Stomach-turning late afternoon, newspapers had according the airplane had crashed change Mount Manunggal in Cebu, other that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed.

The success number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was one 49. Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Holder. Garcia, who was on conclusion official visit to Australia learning the time, returned to Paper and acceded to the post to serve out the surviving eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated two million people abundant in Magsaysay's state funeral on Foot it 22, 1957.^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his grip, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency persuade March 18, 1957, to unabridged the last eight months characteristic Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanlike elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as concert-master, but his running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered chimpanzee one of the cleanest impressive most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is oft cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was equal finish its prime, and the native land gained international recognition in balls, culture, and foreign affairs. Character Philippines placed second on great ranking of Asia's clean extract well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is indigenous to as people-centered as government certitude was high among the Philippine people, earning him the code name "Champion of the masses" enthralled his sympathetic approach to righteousness Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who put at risk that rebellion was the solitary answer to their sufferings.

Subside also gained nationwide support mind his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on control corruption that his administration instinctive from prior administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References