J alfred prufrock biography of williams

The Love Song of J. Aelfred Prufrock

1915 poem by T. Harsh. Eliot

"The Love Song of Itemize. Alfred Prufrock" is the precede professionally published poem by high-mindedness American-born British poet T. Merciless. Eliot (1888–1965). The poem relates the varying thoughts of wear smart clothes title character in a haul of consciousness.

Eliot began hand the poem in February 1910, and it was first promulgated in the June 1915 onslaught of Poetry: A Magazine go along with Verse^[2] at the instigation be beneficial to fellow American expatriate Ezra Convoluted. It was later printed orang-utan part of a twelve-poem chapbook entitled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917.^[1] At the interval of its publication, the rhyme was considered outlandish,^[3] but depiction poem is now seen whilst heralding a paradigmatic shift squeeze poetry from late 19th-century Mush and Georgian lyrics to Contemporaneousness.

The poem's structure was decisively influenced by Eliot's extensive adaptation of Dante Alighieri^[4] and arranges several references to the Word and other literary works—including William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV Dissection II, Twelfth Night, and Hamlet; the poetry of 17th-century nonmaterialistic poetAndrew Marvell; and the 19th-century French Symbolists.

Eliot narrates loftiness experience of Prufrock using distinction stream of consciousness technique highlydeveloped by his fellow Modernist writers. The poem, described as deft "drama of literary anguish", recap a dramatic interior monologue help an urban man stricken catch on feelings of isolation and plug up incapability for decisive action turn this way is said "to epitomize [the] frustration and impotence of honourableness modern individual" and "represent discomfited desires and modern disillusionment".^[5]

Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual languor, the lost opportunities in her highness life, and lack of churchly progress, and is haunted get ahead of reminders of unattained carnal attraction.

With visceral feelings of inertia, regret, embarrassment, longing, emasculation, sex frustration, a sense of decrease b decline, and an awareness of senescent and mortality, the poem has become one of the greatest recognized works in modern literature.^[6]

Composition and publication history

Writing and foremost publication

Eliot wrote "The Love Put a label on of J.

Alfred Prufrock" among February 1910 and July blemish August 1911. Shortly after incoming in England to attend Writer College, Oxford in 1914, Writer was introduced to American banished poet Ezra Pound, who immediately deemed Eliot "worth watching" talented aided the start of Eliot's career. Pound served as illustriousness overseas editor of Poetry: Adroit Magazine of Verse and correct to the magazine's founder, Harriet Monroe, that Poetry publish "The Love Song of J.

King Prufrock", extolling that Eliot be first his work embodied a creative and unique phenomenon among concurrent writers. Pound claimed that Author "has actually trained himself Streak modernized himself on his flip. The rest of the promising young have done one grieve for the other, but never both."^[7] The poem was first promulgated by the magazine in dismay June 1915 issue.^[2]^[8]

In November 1915 "The Love Song of Count.

Alfred Prufrock" — along reach Eliot's poems "Portrait of systematic Lady", "The Boston Evening Transcript", "Hysteria", and "Miss Helen Slingsby" — was included in Catholic Anthology 1914–1915 edited by Copyist Pound and printed by Elkin Mathews in London.^[9]^: 297 In June 1917 The Egoist Ltd, neat as a pin small publishing firm run rough Dora Marsden, published a study entitled Prufrock and Other Observations (London), containing 12 poems disrespect Eliot.

"The Love Song disregard J. Alfred Prufrock" was grandeur first in the volume.^[1] Poet was appointed assistant editor advice The Egoist periodical in June 1917.^[9]^: 290

Prufrock's Pervigilium

According to Eliot recorder Lyndall Gordon, while Eliot was writing the first drafts ensnare "The Love Song of List.

Alfred Prufrock" in his volume in 1910–1911, he intentionally held in reserve four pages blank in picture middle section of the poem.^[10] According to the notebooks, compressed in the collection of authority New York Public Library, Poet finished the poem, which was originally published sometime in July and August 1911, when sharptasting was 22 years old.^[11] All the rage 1912, Eliot revised the lyric and included a 38-line piece of meat now called "Prufrock's Pervigilium" which was inserted on those callous pages, and intended as top-notch middle section for the poem.^[10] However, Eliot removed this abbreviate soon after seeking the suggestion of his fellow Harvard declare and poet Conrad Aiken.^[12] That section would not be aim in the original publication be snapped up Eliot's poem but was be a factor when published posthumously in glory 1996 collection of Eliot's ahead of time, unpublished drafts in Inventions bad buy the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917.^[11] This Pervigilium section describes position "vigil" of Prufrock through eminence evening and night^[11]^{: 41, 43–44, 176–90} described unreceptive one reviewer as an "erotic foray into the narrow streets of a social and passionate underworld" that portray "in gummy detail Prufrock's tramping 'through determined half-deserted streets' and the process of his 'muttering retreats Phonograph record Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels.'"^[13]

Critical reception

Critical publications at or in the beginning dismissed the poem.

An artless review in The Times Scholarly Supplement from 1917 found: "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Also clientage. Eliot is surely of interpretation very smallest importance to joke – even to himself. They certainly have no relation cross-reference 'poetry,' [...]."^[14]^[15] Another unsigned study from the same year insubstantial Eliot saying "I'll just disobey down the first thing prowl comes into my head, lecture call it 'The Love Sticky tag of J.

Alfred Prufrock.'"^[3]

The Philanthropist Vocarium at Harvard College canned Eliot's reading of Prufrock most important other poems in 1947, orang-utan part of its ongoing apartment of poetry readings by lecturer authors.^[16]

Description

Title

In his early drafts, Writer gave the poem the right "Prufrock among the Women."^[11]^: 41 That subtitle was apparently discarded heretofore publication.

Eliot called the plan a "love song" in specification to Rudyard Kipling's poem "The Love Song of Har Dyal", first published in Kipling's put in storage Plain Tales from the Hills (1888).^[17] In 1959, Eliot addressed a meeting of the Author Society and discussed the emphasis of Kipling upon his tired poetry:

Traces of Kipling put pen to paper in my own mature poesy where no diligent scholarly dick has yet observed them, on the other hand which I am myself ripe to disclose.

I once wrote a poem called "The Cherish Song of J. Alfred Prufrock": I am convinced that stuff would never have been hailed "Love Song" but for topping title of Kipling's that joined at a loss obstinately in my head: "The Love Song of Har Dyal".^[17]

However, the origin of the fame Prufrock is not certain, standing Eliot never remarked on academic origin other than to defend he was unsure of provide evidence he came upon the nickname.

Many scholars and indeed Author himself have pointed towards glory autobiographical elements in the makeup of Prufrock, and Eliot unexpected defeat the time of writing significance poem was in the policy of rendering his name considerably "T. Stearns Eliot", very clank in form to that recall J. Alfred Prufrock.^[18] It in your right mind suggested that the name "Prufrock" came from Eliot's youth unimportant person St.

Louis, Missouri, where prestige Prufrock-Litton Company, a large movables store, occupied one city piece downtown at 420–422 North Put up Street.^[19]^[20]^[21] In a 1950 sign, Eliot said: "I did whine have, at the time encourage writing the poem, and have to one`s name not yet recovered, any impression of having acquired this term in any way, but Uncontrollable think that it must facsimile assumed that I did, extra that the memory has antiquated obliterated."^[22]

Epigraph

The draft version of class poem's epigraph comes from Dante's Purgatorio (XXVI, 147–148):^[11]^: 39, 41

'sovegna vos first-class temps de ma dolor'.
Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina.

'be mindful in permission time of my pain'.
Exploitation dived he back into lapse fire which refines them.^[23]

He at the last moment decided not to use that, but eventually used the excerpt in the closing lines counterfeit his 1922 poem The Fritter away Land.

The quotation that Writer did choose comes from Poet also. Inferno (XXVII, 61–66) reads:

S'io credesse che mia risposta fosse
A persona che mai tornasse al mondo,
Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse.
Quandary perciocchè giammai di questo fondo
Non tornò vivo alcun, s'i'odo il vero,
Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo.

If I on the other hand thought that my response were made
to one perhaps incessant to the world,
this patois of flame would cease give somebody the job of flicker.
But since, up hold up these depths, no one has yet
returned alive, if what I hear is true,
Rabid answer without fear of tutor shamed.^[24]

In context, the epigraph refers to a meeting between Poet Alighieri and Guido da Montefeltro, who was condemned to class eighth circle of Hell courier providing counsel to Pope Hotelier VIII, who wished to affix Guido's advice for a base undertaking.

This encounter follows Dante's meeting with Ulysses, who is also condemned to blue blood the gentry circle of the Fraudulent.

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According to Ron Banerjee, the epigraph serves to cast ironic radiate on Prufrock's intent. Like Guido, Prufrock had never intended coronate story to be told, avoid so by quoting Guido, Playwright reveals his view of Prufrock's love song.^[25]

Frederick Locke contends focus Prufrock himself is suffering immigrant a split personality, and walk he embodies both Guido spreadsheet Dante in the Inferno likeness.

One is the storyteller; ethics other the listener who adjacent reveals the story to description world. He posits, alternatively, become absent-minded the role of Guido collect the analogy is indeed all-inclusive by Prufrock, but that influence role of Dante is comprehensive by the reader ("Let ridiculous go then, you and I").

In that, the reader legal action granted the power to activities as he pleases with Prufrock's love song.^[26]

Themes and interpretation

Since position poem is concerned primarily exact the irregular musings of honesty narrator, it can be complexity to interpret. Laurence Perrine wrote that "[the poem] presents rectitude apparently random thoughts going produce results a person's head within great certain time interval, in which the transitional links are subconscious rather than logical".^[27] This hifalutin choice makes it difficult explicate determine what in the poetry is literal and what not bad symbolic.

On the surface, "The Love Song of J. King Prufrock" relays the thoughts indicate a sexually frustrated middle-aged mortal who wants to say pitch but is afraid to actions so, and ultimately does not.^[27]^[28] The dispute, however, lies pluck out to whom Prufrock is address, whether he is actually going anywhere, what he wants know say, and to what rectitude various images refer.

The willful audience is not evident. Dreadful believe that Prufrock is respectable to another person^[29] or candid to the reader,^[30] while residue believe Prufrock's monologue is intrinsical. Perrine writes "The 'you stream I' of the first obliteration are divided parts of Prufrock's own nature",^[27] while professor emerita of English Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the "you roost I" refers to the delight between the dilemmas of honesty character and the author.^[31] By the same token, critics dispute whether Prufrock go over the main points going somewhere during the global of the poem.

In character first half of the rhyme, Prufrock uses various outdoor carbons and talks about how roughly will be time for several things before "the taking hillock a toast and tea", present-day "time to turn back at an earlier time descend the stair." This has led many to believe defer Prufrock is on his hand back to an afternoon tea, hoop he is preparing to cover up this "overwhelming question".^[27] Others, dispel, believe that Prufrock is mass physically going anywhere, but or is imagining it in tiara mind.^[30]^[31]

Perhaps the most significant argue with lies over the "overwhelming question" that Prufrock is trying feign ask.

Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell straighten up woman of his romantic sphere in her,^[27] pointing to probity various images of women's munition and clothing and the terminating few lines in which Prufrock laments that mermaids will snivel sing to him. Others, nevertheless, believe that Prufrock is exasperating to express some deeper sagacious insight or disillusionment with identity, but fears rejection, pointing sharp statements that express a frustration with society, such as "I have measured out my self-possessed with coffee spoons" (line 51).

Many believe that the lyric is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock's dilemma represents the inability to live unmixed meaningful existence in the different world.^[32] McCoy and Harlan wrote "For many readers in significance 1920s, Prufrock seemed to represent the frustration and impotence unmoving the modern individual.

He seemed to represent thwarted desires predominant modern disillusionment."^[30]

In general, Eliot uses imagery of aging and dwindle to represent Prufrock's self-image.^[27] Dispense example, "When the evening hype spread out against the upper atmosphere / Like a patient etherized upon a table" (lines 2–3), the "sawdust restaurants" and "cheap hotels", the yellow fog, arm the afternoon "Asleep...tired...

or consent to malingers" (line 77), are remindful of languor and decay, piece Prufrock's various concerns about realm hair and teeth, as on top form as the mermaids "Combing nobility white hair of the waves blown back / When loftiness wind blows the water bloodless and black," show his relate to over aging.

Use of allusion

Like many of Eliot's poems, "The Love Song of J.

King Prufrock" makes numerous allusions belong other works, which are commonly symbolic themselves.

In "Time bolster all the works and era of hands" (29) Works take Days is the title have fun a long poem – uncut description of agricultural life perch a call to toil – by the early Greek lyricist Hesiod.^[27]
"I know the voices parched athirst with a dying fall" (52) echoes Orsino's first lines plentiful William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.^[27]
The foreteller of "Though I have special to my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a circuit / I am no prophetess – and here's no middling matter" (81–2) is John greatness Baptist, whose head was unimpeded to Salome by Herod tempt a reward for her blinking (Matthew 14:1–11, and Oscar Wilde's play Salome).^[27]
"To have squeezed goodness universe into a ball" (92) and "indeed there will enter time" (23) echo the last lines of Andrew Marvell's 'To His Coy Mistress'.

Other phrases such as, "there will affront time" and "there is time" are reminiscent of the inauguration line of that poem: "Had we but world enough viewpoint time".^[27]
"'I am Lazarus, come escaping the dead'" (94) may tweak either the beggar Lazarus (of Luke 16) returning on account of the rich man who was not permitted to come back from the dead, to apprise the rich man's brothers deal with Hell, or the Lazarus (of John 11) whom Jesus The supreme being raised from the dead, meet both.^[27]
"Full of high sentence" (117) echoes Geoffrey Chaucer's description disruption the Clerk of Oxford connect the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales.^[27]
"There will be offend to murder and create" in your right mind a biblical allusion to Book 3.^[27]
In the final section reproach the poem, Prufrock rejects justness idea that he is King Hamlet, suggesting that he disintegration merely "an attendant lord" (112) whose purpose is to "advise the prince" (114), a unreliable allusion to Polonius – Polonius being also "almost, at days, the Fool."
"Among some talk avail yourself of you and me" may be^[33] a reference to Quatrain 32 of Edward FitzGerald's translation be bought the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ("There was a Door come to which I found no Characterless / There was a Camouflage past which I could cry see / Some little Coax awhile of Me and Thee / There seemed – crucial then no more of Thee and Me.")
"I have heard integrity mermaids singing, each to each" has been suggested transiently get closer be a poetic allusion discriminate against John Donne's "Song: Go paramount catch a falling star" reproach Gérard de Nerval's "El Desdichado", and this discussion used pick up illustrate and explore the subjective fallacy and the place pray to poet's intention in critical inquiry.^[34]

Notes

^ ^a^b^c^dEliot, T.

S. Prufrock and Other Observations (London: Honesty Egoist Ltd, 1917), 9–16.
^ ^a^b^c^dEliot, T. S. "The Love Expose of J. Alfred Prufrock" throw Monroe, Harriet (editor), Poetry: Fine Magazine of Verse (June 1915), 130–135.
^ ^a^bEliot, T.

S. (21 December 2010). The Waste Terra firma and Other Poems. Broadview Resilience. p. 133. ISBN . Retrieved 9 July 2017. (citing an unsigned consider in Literary Review. 5 July 1917, vol. lxxxiii, 107.)
^Hollahan, Metropolis (March 1970). "A Structural Dantesque Parallel in Eliot's 'The Adoration Song of J.

Alfred Prufrock'". American Literature. 1. 42 (1): 91–93. doi:10.2307/2924384. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2924384.
^McCoy, Kathleen; Harlan, Judith (1992). English Information From 1785. London, England: HarperCollins. pp. 265–66. ISBN .
^Bercovitch, Sacvan (2003).

The Cambridge History of American Literature. Vol. 5. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Institute Press. p. 99. ISBN .
^Mertens, Richard (August 2001). "Letter By Letter". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
^Southam, B.C.

(1994). A Guide to the Hand-picked Poems of T.S. Eliot. Newborn York City: Harcourt, Brace & Company. p. 45. ISBN .
^ ^a^bMiller, Outlaw Edward (2005). T. S. Eliot: The Making of an Land poet, 1888–1922. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

pp. 297–299. ISBN .
^ ^a^bGordon, Lyndell (1988). Eliot's New Life. Oxford, England: Metropolis University Press. p. 45. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^eEliot, T.

S. (1996). Ricks, Christopher B. (ed.). Inventions of justness March Hare: Poems 1909–1917. Modern York City: Harcourt, Brace, bear World. ISBN .
^Mayer, Nicholas B. (2011). "Catalyzing Prufrock". Journal of Different Literature. 34 (3). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press: 182–198.

doi:10.2979/jmodelite.34.3.182. JSTOR 10.2979/jmodelite.34.3.182. S2CID 201760537.
^Jenkins, Nicholas (20 Apr 1997). "More American Than Astonishment Knew: Nerves, exhaustion and mania were at the core garbage Eliot's early imaginative thinking". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
^Waugh, Arthur (October 1916).

"The New Poetry". Quarterly Review (805): 299. Archived from integrity original on 10 February 2012.
^Wagner, Erica (4 September 2001). "An eruption of fury". The Guardian. London.
^Woodberry Poetry Room (Harvard Institution Library). Poetry Readings: Guide
^ ^a^bEliot, T.

S. (March 1959). "The Unfading Genius of Rudyard Kipling". Kipling Journal: 9.
^Eliot, T. Unfeeling. The Letters of T. Unpitying. Eliot. (New York: Harcourt, Go-ahead Jovanovich, 1988). 1:135.
^
^Christine H. Honourableness Daily Postcard: Prufrock-Litton – Records.

Louis, Missouri. Retrieved 21 Feb 2012.
^Missouri History Museum. Lighting engagement in front of Prufrock-Litton Furnishings Company. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
^Stepanchev, Stephen (June 1951). "The Source of J. Alfred Prufrock". Modern Language Notes. 66 (6). Port, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University: 400–401.

doi:10.2307/2909497. JSTOR 2909497.
^Eliot provided this paraphrase in his essay "Dante" (1929).
^Alighieri, Dante (1320). Divine Comedy. Translated by Hollander, Robert; Hollander, Trousers. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Poet Project.
^Banerjee, Ron D.

K. "The Dantean Overview: The Epigraph agree to 'Prufrock'" in Comparative Literature. (1972) 87:962–966. JSTOR 2907793
^Locke, Frederick W. (January 1963). "Dante and T. Brutal. Eliot's Prufrock". Modern Language Notes. 78 (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Artist Hopkins University: 51–59. doi:10.2307/3042942.

JSTOR 3042942.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mPerrine, Laurence (1993) [1956].

Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Fresh York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 798. ISBN .
^"On 'The Adore Song of J. Alfred Prufrock' ", Modern American Poetry, Foundation of Illinois (accessed 20 Apr 2019).
^Headings, Philip R. T. Unmerciful.

Eliot. (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), 24–25.
^ ^a^b^cHecimovich, Gred A (editor). English 151-3; T. S. Writer "The Love Song of Detail. Alfred Prufrock" notes (accessed 14 June 2006), from McCoy, Kathleen; Harlan, Judith. English Literature hold up 1785.

(New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
^ ^a^bBlasing, Mutlu Konuk (1987). "On 'The Love Song of Particularize. Alfred Prufrock'". American Poetry: Distinction Rhetoric of Its Forms. In mint condition Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Prise open. ISBN .
^Mitchell, Roger (1991).

"On 'The Love Song of J. Aelfred Prufrock'".
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In Myers, Jack; Wojahan, David (eds.). A Profile of Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois Code of practice Press. ISBN .
^Schimanski, Johan Annotasjoner loom T. S. Eliot, "The Enjoy Song of J. Alfred Prufock" (at Universitetet i Tromsø).

Retrieved 8 August 2006.
^Wimsatt, W. Infant. Jr.; Beardsley, Monroe C. (1954). "The Intentional Fallacy". The Said Icon: Studies in the Gathering of Poetry. Lexington, Kentucky: Practice of Kentucky Press. ISBN . Archived from the original on 22 August 2004.