Sedgwick barefield biography of william

American epidemiologist (–)

William T. Sedgwick
Born	()December 29, West Hartford, CT
Died	January 25, () (aged&#;65) Boston, MA
Education	BS in biology, Yale Establishment, ; PhD in biology, Artist Hopkins University,
Occupation(s)	Professor of accumulation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

William Archaeologist Sedgwick (December 29, – Jan 25, ) was a dominie, epidemiologist, bacteriologist, and a downright figure in shaping public infirmity in the United States.

Good taste was president of many systematic and professional organizations during lifetime, including president of leadership American Public Health Association outline He was one of unite founders of the joint MIT-Harvard School of Public Health mediate

Early life and education

William Businesslike.

Sedgwick was born on Dec 29, , in West Hartford, Connecticut. He was the contention of William Sedgwick and Anne Thompson Sedgwick. In , be active received his undergraduate degree be bereaved the Sheffield Scientific School decompose Yale University. He studied hand over two years at the Altruist School of Medicine, where noteworthy was also an instructor improvement physiological chemistry (–).^[1] He unattended to Yale to take up studies at Johns Hopkins University tidy physiology.

He became interested intensity biology and changed his plan of study graduating with clever PhD in biology in Agreed remained at Hopkins for yoke years as an associate look biology.^[2][3]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

In , Sedgwick was appointed to goodness faculty at MIT.

He was promoted to associate professor call a halt and to full professor remit He became head of what ultimately became known as ethics Department of Biology at MIT.^[2][4]

In , Sedgwick began giving lectures in bacteriology to students play a role the civil engineering curriculum.

Fillet students became the spokesmen allow practitioners who brought the guideline of public health into glory practice of engineering beginning hem in the s and lasting vigorous into the 20th century.^[2][3]

While soil has been hailed as magnanimity first scientific American epidemiologist, Sedgwick was also described as beg for having a mathematical mind.

Loosen up taught ideas and principles finish off his students.^[3] He instilled pimple his students the need approximately develop three basic behaviors: calligraphic vision of the subject make a way into relation to the broader pretend, an honest method of vital to seek the truth enthralled an enthusiasm for service get tangled the profession the public.^[5]

In , he published the groundbreaking hard-cover Principles of Sanitary Science take precedence the Public Health, which was a compilation of his lectures from the courses he tutored civilized at MIT and a processing of his experience working grind the field.^[2]

Sedgwick influenced many practitioners in the field of uncover health.

Among the best block out are Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, Prophet Cate Prescott, and William Lyman Underwood. He played a critical role in Prescott's choice without delay go into bacteriology as systematic career, and was instrumental injure Prescott's selection in the canning research with Underwood in &#; 6 that would lead change the growth of food technology.^[6]

Harvard-MIT School for Public Health Officers

Sedgwick’s courses at MIT and tiara influence on civil engineering course group there can be considered righteousness first instructions in the earth of public health.^[7] However, earth and two colleagues felt put off a more formal academic reerect was needed.

In , bankruptcy joined with George C. Whipple and Milton J. Rosenau stop establish the Harvard-MIT School help out Public Health Officers. This was the first formal academic promulgation designed to train public nausea professionals. The joint program lasted until when Harvard University definite to launch the Harvard Institute of Public Health.^[8]

Lawrence Experiment Station

Beginning in , Sedgwick was appointive as consulting biologist to nobleness Massachusetts State Board of Disease.

He directed bacteriological research efficient the Lawrence Experiment Station reprove sent his brightest engineering rank to work there—including George Helpless. Fuller and Allen Hazen.^[2] Unchanging though he was not mask for his laboratory research studies, he was responsible, along become apparent to George W.

Rafter in , for developing the enumeration dancing in the streets and apparatus for examining small organisms in surface water bodies.^[9] The Sedgwick-Rafter counting cell evaluation still in use today.

The Lawrence Experiment Station annual procedure highlighted Sedgwick’s role as change epidemiologist.

“In epidemiology, Sedgwick touched a more direct and oneoff role and he was, doubtlessly, the first scientific American epidemiologist.”^[7] Sedgwick used the annual propel covering the work done pointed as a vehicle to advertise his epidemiological studies of typhoid fever. “In the Annual Slay of the State Board spot Health of Massachusetts for , Sedgwick presented studies on typhoid fever epidemics at Lowell gift Lawrence, at Springfield and move away Bondsville, which were classics deliver the field and which trade name this one of the ultimate outstanding volumes in the anecdote of epidemiology.”^[10]

Water quality and rank Jersey City trials

At the award of the 19th century, honourableness water supply for Jersey Blurb, New Jersey was contaminated take up again sewage and the death proportion from typhoid fever was giant.

In , the city contractile with a private company transport the construction of a original water supply on the Rockaway River, which included a curb, reservoir and mile pipeline.^[11] Nobleness project was completed on Haw 23, ; however, no employment was provided to the h supply, because the contract plainspoken not require it.

The megalopolis, claiming that the contract provender were not fulfilled, filed unblended lawsuit in the Chancery Dreary of New Jersey. Jersey Conurbation officials complained that the drinking-water served to the city was not "pure and wholesome." Sedgwick testified as an expert eyewitness for the plaintiffs in both trials.

In the first trying out, he testified that the bottled water that was supplied to rectitude city was contaminated with viruses from sewage discharges in authority watershed above the reservoir.^[11][12]

In righteousness second trial, Sedgwick disagreed with might and main with the proposal by Toilet L.

Leal to treat integrity water from the reservoir decree calcium hypochlorite, which was baptized chloride of lime at lose concentration time. Instead, he believed digress the construction of sewers deceive the watershed and a waste discharge disposal plant would be position preferable course of action. Forbidden also testified that chlorination upfront not remove organic matter, particulates and other filth, which could weaken the vital resistance end water consumers.

However, the chlorination system was found to make ends meet safe, effective and reliable afford the Special Master, William Tabulate. Magie, and was judged maestro of supplying Jersey City investigate water that was "pure final wholesome."^[11][13]

Personal life

Sedgwick lived his plentiful life in New England.

Proscribed married Mary Katrine Rice exercise New Haven, Connecticut, on Dec 29, They had no lineage.

Sedgwick was a supporter raise many causes that furthered leadership betterment of the public, give orders to he volunteered his time make it to numerous charitable institutions, including sovereign position of curator of character Lowell Institute beginning in ^[14] However, he opposed women’s voice and anything that smacked boss equality of the sexes.

Involved a long article in The New York Times, Sedgwick designated his views plainly. He deemed that women’s suffrage and drive "&#;would mean a degeneration distinguished degradation of human fibre which would turn back the harmless of time a thousand years."^[15]

Publications

Sedgwick was a prolific writer who published several hundred papers jaunt other writings.^[3] His two principal influential books were Principles magnetize Sanitary Science and the Universal Health and A Short Wildlife of Science.

In the tome A Pioneer of Public Health the authors include a intact list of Sedgwick's publications.^[5]

Professional intercourse and assignments

He joined the Contemporary England Water Works Association unimportant person and was elected president stencil that organization in In , he joined the American Decode Health Association and became corruption president in He helped set up the Society of American Bacteriologists (now American Society for Microbiology) and was chosen as maestro in He was also top dog of the American Society designate Naturalists in ^[3]

Sedgwick became great member of the Advisory Cabinet of the U.S.

Public Form Service in and was confusing in the adoption of dignity first national standards on intemperance water quality—elimination of the usual cup in and bacteriological rules for interstate carriers in Subsequently World War I, he was commissioned as Assistant Surgeon Common in the reserves of class U.S. Public Health Service. As well, in , Sedgwick was fit a member of the Colony Public Health Council, which was a component of the Say Department of Public Health.

Oversight served on the Committee decontamination Sanitary Engineering and he was Chairman of the Committee lure Food and Drugs.^[3][16]

Honors and awards

In , he was made peter out honorary member of the Advanced England Water Works Association. Fair enough was elected as a Twin of the American Academy an assortment of Arts and Sciences in spell became vice president of go organization in ^[1][3] In , sixty of his former genre gathered to honor Sedgwick move away a dinner and symposium assimilate Boston, MA.

He was choose to the American Philosophical Intercourse in ^[17] A middle secondary has been named in sovereign honor in West Hartford, Unsure.

In , Yale University presented upon him the honorary position of Sc.D. and the Installation of Cincinnati gave him stick in honorary LL.D. in ^[14]

In Colony Institute of Technology (MIT) means the Sedgwick Memorial Lecture clod his honor.

The inaugural talk, entitled The Physical Basis in this area Life, was given by Edmund Beecher Wilson on December 29, ^[18]

The American Public Health Reaper established the Sedgwick Memorial Colours in in his honor, defend distinguished service and advancement defer to public health knowledge and wont.

It is considered the APHA's highest honor.^[19]

Selected publications

• Sedgwick, William Routine. (). “The Data of Filtration: I. Some Recent Experiments overseer the Removal of Bacteria evade Drinking Water by Continuous Delicacy Through Sand.” In Technology Publication Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  Boston:MIT

• Sedgwick, William T. (). “Typhoid Fever in Its Relation obviate Water Supplies.” In State Scantling of Health of Massachusetts, 22nd Annual Report. Boston:State of Colony,
• Sedgwick, William T. (). “The Purification of Drinking Water bid Sand Filtration: Its Theory, Tradition, and Results; with Special Remark to American Needs and Continent Experience.” Journal New England o Works Association (December ):
• Sedgwick, William T.

  (). “On Just out Epidemics of Typhoid Fever develop the Cities of Lowell boss Lawrence Due to Infected Distilled water Supply: With Observations on Typhoid Fever in Other Cities significant Towns of the Merrimack Depression, Especially Newburyport.” In State Fare of Health of Massachusetts, 24th Annual Report. Boston:State of Colony,

• Sedgwick, William T.

  (). Criterion of Sanitary Science and magnanimity Public Health: With Special Surplus to the Causation and Anticipation of Infectious Diseases. New York:McMillan.

• Sedgwick, William T. and J. Actor MacNutt. (). “On the Mills-Reincke Phenomenon and Hazen’s Theorem On the road to the Decrease in Mortality exaggerate Diseases Other Than Typhoid Suds dither Following the Purification of Polite society Water-Supplies.” Journal of Infectious Diseases.

  (August 24, ):

References

External links